Post-quantum hybrid SFTP file transfers using AWS Transfer Family
To help provide long-term protection of encrypted data, AWS has been introducing quantum-resistant key exchange in common transport protocols used by AWS customers… In this blog post, we introduce post-quantum hybrid key exchange with Kyber, the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s …
Amazon Web Services (AWS) prioritizes security, privacy, and performance. Encryption is a vital part of privacy. To help provide long-term protection of encrypted data, AWS has been introducing quantum-resistant key exchange in common transport protocols used by AWS customers. In this blog post, we introduce post-quantum hybrid key exchange with Kyber, the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s chosen quantum-resistant key encapsulation algorithm, in the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol. We explain why it’s important and show you how to use it with Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) file transfers in AWS Transfer Family, the AWS file transfer service.
Why use PQ-hybrid key establishment in SSH
Although not available today, a cryptanalytically relevant quantum computer (CRQC) could theoretically break the standard public key algorithms currently in use. Today’s network traffic could be recorded now and then decrypted in the future with a CRQC. This is known as harvest-now-decrypt-later.
With such concerns in mind, the U.S. Congress recently signed the Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act, and the White House issued National Security Memoranda (NSM-8, NSM-10) to prepare for a timely and equitable transition to quantum-resistant cryptography. The National Security Agency (NSA) also announced its quantum-resistant algorithm requirements and timelines in its CNSA 2.0 release. Many other governments like Canada, Germany, and France and organizations like ISO/IEC and IEEE have also been prioritizing preparations and experiments with quantum-resistant cryptography technologies.
AWS is migrating to post-quantum cryptography. AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS), AWS Certificate Manager (ACM), and AWS Secrets Manager TLS endpoints already include support for post-quantum hybrid (PQ-hybrid) key establishment with Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) and Kyber, NIST’s Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) project’s chosen key encapsulation mechanism (KEM). Although PQ-hybrid TLS 1.3 key exchange has received a lot of attention, there has been limited work on SSH.
SSH is a protocol widely used by AWS customers for various tasks ranging from moving files between machines to managing Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances. Considering the importance of the SSH protocol, its ubiquitous use, and the data it transfers, we introduced PQ-hybrid key exchange with Kyber in it.
How PQ-hybrid key exchange works in Transfer Family SFTP
AWS just announced support for post-quantum key exchange in SFTP file transfers in AWS Transfer Family. Transfer Family securely scales business-to-business file transfers to AWS Storage services using SFTP and other protocols. SFTP is a secure version of the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) that runs over SSH. The post-quantum key exchange support of Transfer Family raises the security bar for data transfers over SFTP.
PQ-hybrid key establishment in SSH introduces post-quantum KEMs used in conjunction with classical key exchange. The client and server still do an ECDH key exchange. Additionally, the server encapsulates a post-quantum shared secret to the client’s post-quantum KEM public key, which is advertised in the client’s SSH key exchange message. This strategy combines the high assurance of a classical key exchange with the security of the proposed post-quantum key exchanges, to help ensure that the handshakes are protected as long as the ECDH or the post-quantum shared secret cannot be broken.
More specifically, the PQ-hybrid key exchange SFTP support in Transfer Family includes combining post-quantum Kyber-512, Kyber-768, and Kyber-1024, with ECDH over P256, P384, P521, or Curve25519 curves. The corresponding SSH key exchange methods — ecdh-nistp256-kyber-512r3-sha256-d00@openquantumsafe.org, ecdh-nistp384-kyber-768r3-sha384-d00@openquantumsafe.org, ecdh-nistp521-kyber-1024r3-sha512-d00@openquantumsafe.org, and x25519-kyber-512r3-sha256-d00@amazon.com — are specified in the PQ-hybrid SSH key exchange draft.
Why Kyber?
AWS is committed to supporting standardized interoperable algorithms, so we wanted to introduce Kyber to SSH. Kyber was chosen for standardization by NIST’s Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) project. Some standards bodies are already integrating Kyber in various protocols.
We also wanted to encourage interoperability by adopting, making available, and submitting for standardization, a draft that combines Kyber with NIST-approved curves like P256 for SSH. To help enhance security for our customers, the AWS implementation of the PQ key exchange in SFTP and SSH follows that draft.
Interoperability
The new key exchange methods — ecdh-nistp256-kyber-512r3-sha256-d00@openquantumsafe.org, ecdh-nistp384-kyber-768r3-sha384-d00@openquantumsafe.org, ecdh-nistp521-kyber-1024r3-sha512-d00@openquantumsafe.org, and x25519-kyber-512r3-sha256-d00@amazon.com — are supported in two new security policies in Transfer Family. These might change as the draft evolves towards standardization or when NIST ratifies the Kyber algorithm.
Is PQ-hybrid SSH key exchange aligned with cryptographic requirements like FIPS 140?
For customers that require FIPS compliance, Transfer Family provides FIPS cryptography in SSH by using the AWS-LC, open-source cryptographic library. The PQ-hybrid key exchange methods supported in the TransferSecurityPolicy-PQ-SSH-FIPS-Experimental-2023-04 policy in Transfer Family continue to meet FIPS requirements as described in SP 800-56Cr2 (section 2). BSI Germany and ANSSI France also recommend such PQ-hybrid key exchange methods.
How to test PQ SFTP with Transfer Family
To enable PQ-hybrid SFTP in Transfer Family, you need to enable one of the two security policies that support PQ-hybrid key exchange in your SFTP-enabled endpoint. You can choose the security policy when you create a new SFTP server endpoint in Transfer Family, as explained in the documentation; or by editing the Cryptographic algorithm options in an existing SFTP endpoint. The following figure shows an example of the AWS Management Console where you update the security policy.
Figure 1: Use the console to set the PQ-hybrid security policy in the Transfer Family endpoint
The security policy names that support PQ key exchange in Transfer Family are TransferSecurityPolicy-PQ-SSH-Experimental-2023-04 and TransferSecurityPolicy-PQ-SSH-FIPS-Experimental-2023-04. For more details on Transfer Family policies, see Security policies for AWS Transfer Family.
After you choose the right PQ security policy in your SFTP Transfer Family endpoint, you can experiment with post-quantum SFTP in Transfer Family with an SFTP client that supports PQ-hybrid key exchange by following the guidance in the aforementioned draft specification. AWS tested and confirmed interoperability between the Transfer Family PQ-hybrid key exchange in SFTP and the SSH implementations of our collaborators on the NIST NCCOE Post-Quantum Migration project, namely OQS OpenSSH and wolfSSH.
OQS OpenSSH client
OQS OpenSSH is an open-source fork of OpenSSH that adds quantum-resistant cryptography to SSH by using liboqs. liboqs is an open-source C library that implements quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms. OQS OpenSSH and liboqs are part of the Open Quantum Safe (OQS) project.
To test PQ-hybrid key exchange in Transfer Family SFTP with OQS OpenSSH, you first need to build OQS OpenSSH, as explained in the project’s README. Then you can run the example SFTP client to connect to your AWS SFTP endpoint (for example, s-9999999999999999999.server.transfer.us-west-2.amazonaws.com) by using the PQ-hybrid key exchange methods, as shown in the following command. Make sure to replace <user_priv_key_PEM_file> with the SFTP user private key PEM-encoded file used for user authentication, and <username> with the username, and update the SFTP-enabled endpoint with the one that you created in Transfer Family.
wolfSSH client
wolfSSH is an SSHv2 client and server library that uses wolfCrypt for its cryptography. For more details and a link to download, see wolfSSL’s product licensing information
To test PQ-hybrid key exchange in Transfer Family SFTP with wolfSSH, you first need to build wolfSSH. When built with liboqs, the open-source library that implements post-quantum algorithms, wolfSSH automatically negotiates ecdh-nistp256-kyber-512r3-sha256-d00@openquantumsafe.org. Run the example SFTP client to connect to your AWS SFTP server endpoint, as shown in the following command. Make sure to replace <user_priv_key_DER_file> with the SFTP user private key DER-encoded file used for user authentication, <user_public_key_PEM_file> with the corresponding SSH user public key PEM-formatted file, and <username> with the username. Also replace the s-9999999999999999999.server.transfer.us-west-2.amazonaws.com SFTP endpoint with the one that you created in Transfer Family.
As we migrate to a quantum-resistant future, we expect that more SFTP and SSH clients will add support for PQ-hybrid key exchanges that are standardized for SSH.
How to confirm PQ-hybrid key exchange in SFTP
To confirm that PQ-hybrid key exchange was used in an SSH connection for SFTP to Transfer Family, check the client output and optionally use packet captures.
OQS OpenSSH client
The client output (omitting irrelevant information for brevity) should look similar to the following:
The output shows that client negotiation occurred using the PQ-hybrid ecdh-nistp384-kyber-768r3-sha384-d00@openquantumsafe.org method and successfully established an SFTP session.
To view the negotiated PQ-hybrid key, you can use a packet capture in Wireshark or a similar network traffic analyzer. The key exchange method negotiation offered by the client should look similar to the following:
Figure 2: View the client proposed PQ-hybrid key exchange method in Wireshark
Figure 2 shows that the client is offering the PQ-hybrid key exchange method ecdh-nistp384-kyber-768r3-sha384-d00@openquantumsafe.org. The Transfer Family SFTP server negotiates the same method, and the client offers a PQ-hybrid public key.
Figure 3: View the client P384 ECDH and Kyber-768 public keys
As shown in Figure 3, the client sent 1281 bytes for the PQ-hybrid public key. These are the ECDH P384 92-byte public key, the 1184-byte Kyber-768 public key, and 5 bytes of padding. The server response is of similar size and includes the 92-byte P384 public key and the 1088 Kyber-768 ciphertext.
wolfSSH client
The client output (omitting irrelevant information for brevity) should look similar to the following:
The output shows that the client negotiated the PQ-hybrid ecdh-nistp256-kyber-512r3-sha256-d00@openquantumsafe.org method and successfully established a quantum- resistant SFTP session. A packet capture of this session would be very similar to the previous one.
Conclusion
In this blog post, we introduced the importance of both migrating to post-quantum cryptography and adopting standardized algorithms and protocols. We also shared our approach for bringing PQ-hybrid key exchanges to SSH, and how to use this today using SFTP with Transfer Family. Additionally, AWS employees are collaborating with other cryptography experts on a draft for PQ-hybrid SSH key exchange, which is the draft specification that Transfer Family follows.
If you have questions about how to use Transfer Family PQ key exchange, start a new thread in the Transfer Family for SFTP forum. If you want to learn more about post-quantum cryptography with AWS, contact the post-quantum cryptography team.
If you have feedback about this post, submit comments in the Comments section below. If you have questions about this post, start a new thread on the AWS Security, Identity, & Compliance re:Post or contact AWS Support.
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Author: Panos Kampanakis